如何在非 root 用户权限下安装软件并设置环境变量？

文章目录

情况

使用root用户linux使用root用户linux压缩命令，由于权限足够大，所以做哪些事都好弄

非root用户，权限低时linux系统怎么样，连yuminstall都无法使用，那如何安装软件呢

安装rpm包

1、以安装wget工具为例

首先在windows浏览器上下载一个wget的rpm包

http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/centos/7.9.2009/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm

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之后模拟离线安装

2、使用非root用户登入linux系统

<span class="token comment"># 尝试安装yumdownloader，不行的，需要root权限</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ yum <span class="token function">install</span> yumdownloader
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
You need to be root to perform this command.
<span class="token comment"># 尝试执行wget命令，不行，没有安装</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">wget</span>
bash: wget: <span class="token function">command</span> not found
<span class="token comment"># 尝试安装wget，不行的，需要root权限</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ yum <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token function">wget</span>
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
You need to be root to perform this command.

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将我们下载的wget.***.rpm包，上传到linux系统中

Last login: Wed Dec2 09:44:05 2020
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">pwd</span>
/home/nim01
<span class="token comment"># root已经安装lrzsz了，直接上传</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ rz
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 548
-rw-r--r--. 1 nim01 nim01 560272 Dec22020 wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm

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3、安装rpm包

提取文件

<span class="token comment"># 执行下面指令，从安装包中提取文件</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ rpm2cpio wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm <span class="token operator">|</span> cpio -idvm
./etc/wgetrc
./usr/bin/wget
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/AUTHORS
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/COPYING
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/MAILING-LIST
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/NEWS
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/README
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/sample.wgetrc
./usr/share/info/wget.info.gz
./usr/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ga/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ro/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/man/man1/wget.1.gz
4030 blocks

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查看

<span class="token comment"># 提取完之后，当前目录多了etc和usr两个目录</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 548
drwxrwxr-x. 2 nim01 nim01 20 Dec2 10:13 etc
drwxrwxr-x. 4 nim01 nim01 30 Dec2 10:13 usr
-rw-r--r--. 1 nim01 nim01 560272 Dec22020 wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm

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查看

<span class="token comment"># 进入usr/bin目录，可以看到可执行的wget文件</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cd</span> usr/
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit usr<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 nim01 nim01 18 Dec2 10:13 bin
drwxrwxr-x. 6 nim01 nim01 54 Dec2 10:13 share
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit usr<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cd</span> bin/
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit bin<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 412
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 nim01 nim01 418776 May 162019 <span class="token function">wget</span>

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4、设置环境变量

在家目录中，直接编辑.bashrc文件，降低可执行程序的路径到系统PATH中

这样linux使用root用户，可以直接执行wget指令了

<span class="token comment"># .bashrc</span>
<span class="token comment"># Source global definitions</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -f /etc/bashrc <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span>
<span class="token keyword">.</span> /etc/bashrc
<span class="token keyword">fi</span>
<span class="token comment"># Uncomment the following line if you don't like systemctl's auto-paging feature:</span>
<span class="token comment"># export SYSTEMD_PAGER=</span>
<span class="token comment"># User specific aliases and functions</span>
<span class="token function">export</span> PATH<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable">$PATH</span><span class="token keyword">:</span><span class="token variable">$HOME</span>/usr/bin

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保存退出后

<span class="token comment"># 执行source，让修改生效</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">source</span> .bashrc
<span class="token comment"># 执行wget，可正常使用</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">wget</span>
wget: missing URL
Usage: <span class="token function">wget</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>URL<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
Try `wget --help' <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token function">more</span> options.

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